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  Symphony No. 40 in G Minor, K. 550 　　Mozart, Symphony No. 40 in G Minor, K. 550First movement, “Molto allegro,” of Mozart's Symphony No. 40 in G Minor, K. 550; from a 1953 recording by the Bavarian Radio Symphony Orchestra conducted by Eugen Jochum.(more)Symphony No. 40 in G Minor, K. 550, symphony by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, sometimes known as the Great G Minor Symphony. Composed in the summer...
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  Symphony No. 1 in D Major 　　 　　Gustav MahlerSymphony No. 1 in D Major, symphony by composer Gustav Mahler, also known as Titan. Begun in Leipzig while Mahler was serving as second conductor of the Stadttheater and drafted in about six weeks, it premiered in Budapest November 20, 1889, after Mahler assumed the post of musical director of the Royal Hungarian Opera. The work was considered...
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  Sussex pledge 　　 　　Sussex IncidentThe French passenger steamer Sussex at Boulogne, France, after being torpedoed by a German U-boat on March 24, 1916.(more)Sussex pledge, agreement by the German government during World War I to stop the indiscriminate sinking of nonmilitary ships. The pledge followed the torpedoing of the French passenger steamer Sussex in the English Channel by a German submarine on March...
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  supreme leader of Iran 　　supreme leader of Iran, head of state in Iran, overseeing virtually all functions of government either directly or indirectly. The post was instituted as rahbar (“leader”) in 1979 with the creation of Iran’s Islamic Republic, which blends democratic elements with theocratic oversight from Islamic clerics of the Twelver Shiʿi sect. Although Iran’s president and legislature are directly elected by the...
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  Spotify 　　 　　Spotify logoSmartphone displaying the Spotify logo. Spotify is an audio streaming service that offers users access to multiple forms of streaming media, including music, podcasts, and audiobooks.(more)Spotify, audio streaming service that offers users access to music tracks, podcasts, and other media through a subscription model. It is a publicly traded company that was founded by Swedish entrepreneurs Daniel Ek...
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  Spider-Man: Into the Spider-Verse 　　Spider-Man: Into the Spider-Verse, American animated superhero film released in 2018 that was acclaimed for its bold and inventive animation as well as its character-driven storytelling. The film was a commercial and critical success, grossing nearly $400 million worldwide and winning the Academy Award for best animated feature. Its spectacular visual style quickly became highly influential. A sequel, Spider-Man: Across...
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  Second Battle of Fort Wagner 　　Second Battle of Fort Wagner, unsuccessful Union assault on July 18, 1863, during the American Civil War (1861–65) on Confederate-held Fort Wagner on Morris Island, South Carolina. An early assault on the fort on July 11 (the First Battle of Fort Wagner) had been just as unsuccessful. Despite the Union defeats, the second battle was especially noteworthy for the courageous...
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  rogue wave 　　rogue wave, a relatively unpredictable and unexpectedly high water wave arising at the water’s surface and formed from the coincidental stacking of multiple wind-driven wave crests passing through a single point or arising from a combination of waves and currents that may shorten the waves’ frequency. Rogue waves tower to heights greater than twice the size of nearby waves, and...
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  Resurrection Symphony No. 2 in C Minor 　　 　　Gustav MahlerResurrection Symphony No. 2 in C Minor, symphony by Gustav Mahler, known as “Resurrection.” The first three movements were heard in Berlin on March 4, 1895; the premiere of the complete work would not occur until December, again in Berlin. The premiere of Mahler’s Symphony No. 1 in D Major, from six years earlier, had been considered unusually...
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  Requiem in D Minor, Op. 48 　　 　　Gabriel FauréGabriel Fauré, portrait by John Singer Sargent; in a private collection.(more)Requiem in D Minor, Op. 48, composition by Gabriel Fauré. Begun in 1877 and largely composed in the late 1880s, the work was not completed until 1900. Unusually gentle for a requiem mass, the work is often reminiscent of the composer’s best-known work, the restful and graceful Pavane...
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  President’s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief 　　President’s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR), public health initiative launched by the United States in 2003 to coordinate an international response to the HIV/AIDS pandemic. The President’s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR), authorized by U.S. Pres. George W. Bush, marked a major step forward in global efforts to prevent HIV infection and to provide treatment to persons living...
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  presidencies in British India: Bombay, Madras, and Bengal 　　presidencies in British India: Bombay, Madras, and Bengal, in British India, provinces under the direct control and supervision of, early on, the East India Company and, after 1857, the British government. The three key presidencies in India were the Madras Presidency, the Bengal Presidency, and the Bombay Presidency. 　　Those provinces were centered on the cities of Madras (now Chennai), Calcutta...
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  Operation Torch 　　Operation Torch, major Allied amphibious operation in French North Africa during World War II. It began on November 8, 1942, with the landing of 107,000 British and U.S. troops at Casablanca, Morocco, and the Algerian cities of Algiers and Oran. French authorities concluded an armistice with the Allies three days later. The landings, which came days after the victory of...
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  Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act 　　Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act (NAGPRA), U.S. law that regulates the handling of Indigenous human remains and cultural items. Passed in 1990, the Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act (NAGPRA) requires federal agencies and institutions that receive money from the federal government to return remains and cultural objects of Indigenous peoples in what is now the United...
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  MySQL 　　MySQL, open-source relational database management software, owned by the computer software company Oracle, that allows users to interact with large amounts of data across multiple databases. MySQL is one of the most popular database management programs used worldwide. 　　Though SQL is sometimes referred to as “S-Q-L,” it is more often called “sequel,” in acknowledgment of its historical roots as “Structured...
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  Mulholland Drive 　　 　　Naomi Watts (left) and Laura HarringPublicity still from the 2001 film Mulholland Drive, featuring Naomi Watts (Betty Elms/Diane Selwyn) and Laura Harring (Rita/Camilla Rhodes).(more)Mulholland Drive, American surrealist thriller and neo-noir film, released in 2001, that is considered one of director David Lynch’s finest works. The movie is noted for its dreamlike, nonlinear structure and its exploration of the dark...
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  Maria Skłodowska-Curie Museum 　　 　　The Maria Skłodowska-Curie MuseumThe Maria Skłodowska-Curie Museum in the replicated town house in which Marie Curie was born in Warsaw, Poland.(more)Maria Skłodowska-Curie Museum, institution dedicated to the life and work of Marie Curie located in a gracious town house in the New Town district of central Warsaw, Poland. The house is a replica of the 18th-century house in which...
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  Makar Sankranti 　　Makar Sankranti, Hindu festival in January celebrating the entrance of the sun into the astrological sign of makara (corresponding to Capricorn) and the beginning of the sun’s uttarayana (northward journey). 　　Makar Sankranti occurs on January 14 (or 15 during a leap year). Unlike most other holidays in Hinduism that are determined according to the lunisolar Hindu calendar, this festival is...
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  Leningrad Symphony No. 7 in C Major, Op. 60 　　 　　Dmitri ShostakovichDmitri Shostakovich, early 1940s.(more)Leningrad Symphony No. 7 in C Major, Op. 60, symphony by Dmitry Shostakovich, known as “Leningrad.” The work premiered informally on March 5, 1942, at Kuybyshev (now Samara), a provincial city alongside the Volga, where the composer and many of his colleagues were seeking refuge from World War II. Five months later, it would be...
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  Iron Dome 　　 　　Iron DomeA Tamir interceptor missile being launched from an Iron Dome air defense battery in Ashdod, Israel, on November 12, 2019.(more)Iron Dome, short-range mobile air defense system developed for Israel by Rafael Advanced Defense Systems and Israel Aerospace Industries, with additional support from Raytheon. First deployed in 2011, Iron Dome constitutes the innermost layer of the tiered Israeli air...

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