The kings of England repeatedly sought to extend their rule north of the border into Scotland. The death of Margaret, the queen of Scotland, in 1290 gave Edward I of England the chance to take over the country, but his intentions were dashed with a major defeat at the hands of William Wallace on September 11, 1297, at the Battle of Stirling Bridge.

　　The death of the seven-year-old Scottish queen, Margaret, in 1290 left the throne of Scotland vacant. The Scottish lords gave Edward I the task of choosing a new king. He picked the weak John Balliol, a distant descendant of the great Scottish king David I, in the expectation that he would do Edward’s bidding. The English king, however, was quickly disabused of this idea when Balliol refused to join him on campaign in France and, in 1295, signed an alliance with France, England’s traditional enemy.

　　Britannica Quiz World Wars Edward was furious and in 1296 marched north to invade Scotland. He massacred the garrison at Berwick and then defeated Balliol at Dunbar, deposing him and ruling Scotland directly. The next year, the Scots, led by William Wallace, rose in revolt against English rule. The two sides met at Stirling Bridge, known as the gateway to the Scottish Highlands. A large English army commanded by John de Warrene, the Earl of Surrey, arrived and demanded Wallace’s surrender. When Wallace ignored the order, the English force attempted to cross the River Forth via a narrow bridge in front of the Scottish lines, wide enough to accommodate only two cavalrymen riding abreast. The smaller Scottish army, led by Wallace and Andrew de Moray (also known as Andrew Murray), took advantage of their position up on a slope and hurled spears and other missiles down onto the advancing English knights and their supporting English and Welsh infantry.

　　The English soldiers soon floundered in the marshy ground, and many thousands of them were killed either by the Scottish soldiers or, burdened by armor and chain mail, by drowning. One particularly prominent English knight, Sir Hugh Cressingham, was killed early in the fight, butchered when he fell from his horse. During the fight, the bridge collapsed. De Warrene ordered that the fallen structure be set afire and then retreated with his surviving force, ceding victory to William Wallace and the Scots. It was an ignominious defeat, though at a cost, since de Moray, in line for the Scottish throne, was mortally wounded in the battle. Afterward Wallace was knighted and appointed Guardian of Scotland, According to legend, Cressingham’s skin was used to make a sheath for Wallace’s sword. Today Scotland’s National Wallace Monument stands near the site of the battle.

　　Losses: Scottish, unknown of 2,300; English, 5,000 of 8,000–12,000.