After a devastating blow to the Sassanid Persians at Firaz, Muslim Arab forces under the command of Khalid ibn al-Walid took on the army of the Christian Byzantine Empire at Yarmouk near the border of modern-day Syria and Jordan. The Battle of Yarmouk, which began on August 20, 636, was to continue for six days.

　　After the victory at Firaz, Khalid had virtually conquered Mesopotamia. Seeking to halt Muslim expansion, the Byzantines rallied all available forces. Byzantine Emperor Heraclius, the victor of Nineveh, allied himself with the Sassanids, the two empires seeking to pool their depleted resources to stop the Arab advance.

　　Britannica Quiz A History of War For his part, Heraclius assembled a large army of Byzantines, Slavs, Franks, and Christian Arabs and stationed them at Antioch in northern Syria. Heraclius sought to stall any battle by exploring diplomatic options while he waited for more forces to arrive from his Sassanid ally. Meanwhile, alarmed that the Byzantine-led force had assembled in Syria while Muslim forces were fragmented into at least four separate groups, Khalid called a council of war and successfully argued that the entire Arab army be united to face Heraclius.

　　When the two armies met, it was Heraclius’s intention to exercise caution and wear the Muslims down by a series of small engagements. But the Sassanids never arrived and, after six days’ attritional fighting, Khalid drew the Byzantines into a large-scale pitched battle. This ended with the Byzantines retreating in disarray, charged by the Arabs with a sand-laden wind behind them. Flanked on three sides, many of the fleeing Byzantine troops fell to their deaths over a narrow ravine. Yarmouk was Khalid’s greatest victory and ended Byzantine rule in Syria. It was a major factor in elevating the power of the nascent Caliphate over that of the Byzantine Empire in much of the region, with Jerusalem surrendering the following year. After the battle, Heraclius was forced to concentrate on the defense of Anatolia and Egypt.

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