plantar fasciitis, swelling or degeneration of the plantar fascia, the thick band of connective tissue that runs across the bottom of the foot and connects the heel bone to the toes. Plantar fasciitis causes dull or stabbing pain, typically after a long period of rest, such as sleeping or sitting. The term fasciitis means “inflammation of the fascia”; however, because...

　　 　　Proxima Centauri bArtist's impression of the surface of Proxima Centauri b, one of the closest extrasolar planets to the Sun. The planet has a mass at least 1.3 times that of Earth.(more)Proxima Centauri is the closest star to the Sun, about 4.2 light-years away in the Alpha Centauri system. As a red dwarf star—the most common type of star—Proxima...

　　polydactyly, condition that is present at birth in which a person has more than five fingers on a hand or more than five toes on a foot. The term polydactyly is derived from the Greek words poly, meaning “many,” and daktylos, meaning “digit.” Polydactyly occurs in an estimated 1 in 500–1,000 births, with variation from 1 in roughly 1,330 births...

　　tart cherry, (Prunus cerasus), species of cherry cultivated for its acidic fruits. Tart cherries are one of three types of cherries grown commercially, the others being sweet cherries and a cross of sweet and tart cherries known as dukes. Generally considered too acidic to eat fresh, tart cherries are commonly frozen or canned for use in sauces and pastries and...

　　 　　cell See all media Category: Science & Tech Related Topics: cell fluid cytoplasm cytosol (Show more) See all related content → intracellular fluid, substance within living cells that is made up primarily of water and molecules such as dissolved ions and is a major component of the cytoplasm and cytosol. A variety of chemical reactions within cells take place...

　　reactive attachment disorder, rare condition in which infants and young children fail to form emotional bonds with their parents or other caregivers. The disorder is associated with trauma or other stressors that typically result from neglect or physical or emotional abuse and that affect early development. An estimated 1 to 2 percent of children are affected by reactive attachment disorder....

　　Waterloo Battlefield, location, 3 miles (5 km) south of Waterloo, Belgium, where, on June 18, 1815, the Battle of Waterloo took place, marking Napoleon’s final defeat. In this battle, the British duke of Wellington’s 68,000 allied forces, including British, Dutch, Belgian, and German troops, and some 45,000 Prussians led by Gebhard Leberecht von Blücher, overcame a 72,000-strong French army in...

　　Robert D. Bullard (born December 21, 1946, Elba, Alabama, U.S.) is an American sociologist and environmental activist, often referred to as the father of environmental justice. 　　Early life and education Bullard was born and raised in Elba, Alabama, a small town in the southeastern region of the state. His father was an electrician and a plumber, though he was unable...

　　Temple Mount, site of the Temple of Jerusalem, which was destroyed by the Romans on the 9th/10th of Av in 70 ce (see Tisha be-Av). It consists of a raised platform that, since the 7th century, has been home to the Islamic holy sites of the Dome of the Rock and Al-Aqsa Mosque. The lower section of the compound’s Western...

　　sweet cherry, (Prunus avium), species of cherry cultivated for its sweet, edible fruits. It is one of three types of cherries that are grown commercially, the others being tart cherries and dukes, which are crosses of sweet and tart cherries. A popular summer fruit, sweet cherries are usually consumed fresh and are the principal type preserved in true or imitation...

　　 　　RafahView over Rafah, a Palestinian city in the southern Gaza Strip, August 8, 2022.(more) 　　 　　Gaza StripRafah, city along the border of the Gaza Strip and Egypt that, for most of the 20th and into the 21st century, has been bisected with an eastern half in the Gaza area and a western half in Egypt. It includes the only...

　　rhombus, a four-sided, or quadrilateral, geometric figure in which all four sides are of the same length and each of the two pairs of opposite sides are parallel to each other. The word rhombus comes from the Greek rhombos, meaning “a spinning top” or “a piece of wood whirled on a string.” Rhombuses can be seen in everyday life, in...