Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. Independence Hall, Frank Lloyd Wright’s Fallingwater, and the Allegheny County Courthouse are just a few of the buildings that tell the story of Pennsylvania.

　　Earlier versions of the descriptions of these buildings first appeared in 1001 Buildings You Must See Before You Die, edited by Mark Irving (2016). Writers’ names appear in parentheses.

　　Fallingwater

　　Frank Lloyd Wright: FallingwaterFallingwater, designed by Frank Lloyd Wright in 1935 and completed in 1937; near Mill Run, southwestern Pennsylvania.(more)Gene J. Puskar/AP ImagesFrank Lloyd Wright, possibly the most famous U.S. architect of the 20th century, developed the Prairie style of building—long, low structures in natural materials with roofs seeming to float unsupported above the walls. By the time he designed what may be his most famous work, Fallingwater, his style was beginning to evolve. In 1935 Edgar J. Kaufmann, a Pittsburgh department-store owner, hired Wright to design a vacation house for his family near Mill Run, in the mountains of southwestern Pennsylvania. The Kaufmanns loved a wooded area where a stream turns into a waterfall, and they wanted their house to reflect the beauty of the site. They were unprepared, however, for Wright’s suggestion that the house be built over the waterfall itself, allowing its inhabitants to live within the scenery rather than simply to observe it. Turning this idea into reality was a formidable feat of engineering. Anchored by limestone verticals and a huge stone chimney at the rear, horizontal concrete planes cantilever out over the water, mirroring the shapes of the rocks 30 feet (9 m) below. Walls of glass emphasize the lack of boundaries between interior and forest. Fallingwater, completed in 1939, is a house of new ideas, with significant risks taken to achieve a unique and timeless piece of architecture. Wright created a building of elegant simplicity, ideally suited to the serenity of its setting, and one that fully embodied his client’s empathy with the landscape it occupies. (Justine Sambrook)

　　Wharton Esherick HouseThe house and studio compound built by Wharton Esherick over a 40-year period places him in the august company of U.S. nonconformists. Henry David Thoreau’s Walden (1854), kept on his nightstand, asks the reader to live deliberately and authentically, and that is what Esherick did. He quit art school and joined a utopian community in Alabama. He returned to Pennsylvania in his mid-30s and bought land and a derelict farm. Esherick had skills as a printmaker, illustrator, furniture maker, and sculptor that kept him financially afloat but without the recognition he craved. He turned instead to work on his land and his retreat. He gained admirers such as Louis I. Kahn, influenced craftsmen like Wendell Castle, and inspired atypical architectural communities like Sea Ranch, California. His home, in Paoli, Pennsylvania, defies categorization. Straight lines are eschewed. Textures, colors, forms, and materials tumble over one another yet create a harmonious composition. A cedar deck is supported by tapered, fat columns. A “greenery-yallery” log cabin garage—the term refers to the muted color scheme—has red-stained log ends and a part-concave, part-convex roof. The circular tower is painted in camouflage; its attached wing lined in alternate width radial-sawn timber boards. Esherick learned historic joinery to build his home, which he completed in 1966, just a few years before his death. (Denna Jones)

　　Independence Hall

　　Independence HallIndependence Hall, Philadelphia.An attractive municipal building typical of the restrained yet elegant Georgian style of the mid-18th century, the State House of the Province of Pennsylvania, better known as Independence Hall, is famed for its association with some of the most significant events of the American Revolution. It also functions as a nexus for the United States’s relationship with its founding values. Designed and built by Andrew Hamilton and Edmund Woolley, the two-story, red-brick building was originally surmounted by a wooden steeple with a domed cupola. Two decades after its completion, Philadelphia was a hub of insurrection, and the hall was the site of pivotal events such as the appointment of George Washington as Commander in Chief of the Colonial Army, the agreement on the design of the Stars and Stripes, the signing of the Declaration of Independence, and the drafting of the Constitution.

　　When Philadelphia became interim capital between 1790 and 1800, the hall was not used as the seat of government. Already in some disrepair, it was scheduled for demolition when, in 1811, it was saved for the nation. By the 1820s it had become a shrine to the Revolution, complete with a steeple reconstructed in brick housing the Liberty Bell. In 1950 the hall was acquired by the government and restored, both inside and out, to an approximation of its appearance about 1780. With its visitors’ center and new Liberty Bell pavilion, the hall now forms the centerpiece of Philadelphia’s Independence National Park. (Richard Bell)

　　The quirky buildings of Frank Heyling Furness fell heavily from popularity during the 20th century. Of the many suburban railway stations he built for the expanding commuter network in his native Philadelphia, Gravers is the only survivor.

　　Sitting in the middle of a sloping lawn, the station is too small for the quantity and type of architectural features that Furness has given it. As originally constructed in 1883, the building contained only modest accommodation for the caretaker, a small waiting room, and a ticket counter. It is otherwise decked out with porches, gables, a turret, ornamental woodwork, and ample pitched roofs featuring dormer windows. Each part looks as if it ought to be much larger, producing a curiously toylike whole. The effect is endearing, and the distinctive little building must have contributed considerably to the sense of domestic paradise that the 19th-century speculators building Philadelphia’s suburbs sought to give to prospective residents. At the same time, there is function in some of its quirks, especially the extended sweep of the roof to each side of the main building. These attractive wooden structures provide on one side shelter for those arriving at the station by vehicle, on the other a good area of platform that is protected from the rain. It is a lovely little building. (Barnabas Calder)

　　Vanna Venturi House

　　Vanna Venturi HouseThe Vanna Venturi House in Chestnut Hill, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, by Robert Venturi, completed 1964.(more)Carol M. Highsmith Archive/Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. (digital file no. LC-DIG-highsm-13135)In a beautiful Philadelphia suburb strewn with fine houses of the 19th and 20th centuries, the Vanna Venturi House might initially seem an odd focus of architectural pilgrimage. It is smaller than most of its neighbors, and it lacks color or obvious magnificence. However, it was in this building for his mother that Robert Venturi first sought architectural expression for his growing dissatisfaction with the Modernist movement. It caused, and continues to cause, quite a stir. Approached from a narrow drive between high hedges and trees, the house turns its most architectural side toward the arriving visitor. Between this and another flat facade to the rear is sandwiched the house, its roof breaking with the seeming rigidity of the front and back walls. The front facade is itself idiosyncratic. It is nearly the house that every child draws, with a square, four-pane window, a pitched roof, a chimney, and a door. The break in the gable above the door, however, gives a hint of the Classical motif of a temple front that has been split in two, and a long slit window recalls European Modernist villas of the 1920s. The outrage that the building caused after it was completed in 1964 came from its implied questioning of Modernist ideas, especially the belief that historical references to older architecture should not be permitted in a new building. With just the front wall of a house and some wood, Venturi began a fierce debate in the architectural world. (Barnabas Calder)

　　Allegheny County Courthouse

　　Richardson, Henry Hobson: Allegheny County CourthouseThe Allegheny County Courthouse, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; designed by Henry Hobson Richardson.H.H. Richardson has been called “the father of U.S. architecture.” Allegheny County Courthouse in Pittsburgh was one of the last commissions Richardson accepted before his untimely death at the age of 48. Although he did not live to see its completion in 1888, he regarded it as his best building design.

　　Built to replace an earlier structure destroyed by fire in 1882, Allegheny County Courthouse is imposingly constructed from massive, rusticated granite blocks rising to four stories around a central courtyard. A tower soars up 280 feet (85 m) on the courtyard’s open side while a covered bridge—a facsimile of the Bridge of Sighs at the Doge’s Palace in Venice—stretches over an intervening road to connect the main building to its neighboring jail.

　　The courthouse’s steep roofs, projecting bays, dormer windows, round arches, and Byzantine capitals achieve a synthesis that is quite distinct from contemporary Gothic or Baronial Revival. French Renaissance organizing principles are augmented with an English Arts and Crafts attention to structural polychromy, but Richardson’s main inspiration originated from the medieval architecture of southern France. These influences merged together in a wholly original fashion to create a language that has been called Richardsonian Romanesque. It was a style that was to prove extremely influential in the years after his death. Its characteristic “heavy massing” and celebration of the sculptural qualities of stonework has echoes in the work of Louis Sullivan and Frank Lloyd Wright. (Richard Bell)