When we talk about the gender pay gap, one thing that sometimes gets overlooked is how it affects women later in life. Women are more likely than men to live in poverty during what should be their golden years. And ironically, the general longevity that women experience doesn’t help.

　　It’s an enduring and disturbing fact that many women experience higher poverty rates than men as they live out their retirement years. In 1998, a report by the Social Security Administration (SSA) showed the poverty rate for elderly women was 13%—compared with 7% for men. In 2016, a National Institute on Retirement Security study found that women 65 and older were 80% more likely than men of the same age to be impoverished. And in 2022, a United Nations policy brief noted that the percentage of elderly women living in poverty had changed little.

　　These reports, which span nearly a quarter century, point to several consistent reasons why women have an increased likelihood of struggling financially in retirement:

　　Women are still considered primary caregivers for children and older family members. As a result, they often spend time out of the workforce or take lower-paying jobs with more flexibility.Because women are more likely to spend time in lower-paying jobs or take breaks from their careers, they may miss out on increased pay due to promotions and aren’t able to set as much aside for retirement.In general, women live longer than men. They are forced to stretch sometimes meager retirement savings for a longer period.Women are more likely to need outside (and expensive) help as they age, unlike men in heterosexual relationships, who can often count on their wives to provide caregiving.Discrimination in the workforce can still lead to challenges for women when it comes to earning as much as men.Even after making some gains in income and workforce representation before 2019, women experienced a setback with the onset of COVID-19. Women faced steeper job losses during the pandemic and a slower recovery, according to the U.S. Census Bureau, putting them firmly back on track to maintain the status quo of poverty in retirement.

　　Avoiding the “motherhood penalty”One way that some women are hoping to build more wealth and a better retirement is to opt out of having children—a decision that isn’t universally accepted, appealing, or possible and doesn’t come without societal costs. A 2023 Pew Research Center survey found that only 45% of childless women hoped to have children someday—compared with 57% of childless men.

　　Lack of social support and safety nets that support families. Concerns about the future impacts of climate change.Knowledge that women are more likely to do the bulk of the housework and childcare than male partners.Those who choose to remain child-free may avoid the “motherhood penalty” at work, but society as a whole might prefer to enact policy and cultural change rather than let the burden of providing for retirement rest on such a personal decision.

　　How to shore up your retirementIt’s unlikely that the issue of women and retirement poverty will be solved systemically anytime soon, so mitigating the effects requires personal intervention. Consider these strategies:

　　Leverage your skills for higher pay. Studies indicate that job-hopping can lead to a higher income than sticking with one company for the duration of your career. Women, in general, have surpassed men in terms of educational attainment, even though their pay hasn’t. As a result, job-hopping might result in more frequent raises.Set aside more for retirement. When possible, consider investing more in a tax-advantaged retirement account. In addition to traditional retirement plans, a health savings account (HSA) can help you prepare for health care expenses in retirement.Consider working longer. If you’re able, it might make sense to work longer in order to build up more Social Security credits and have the opportunity to set more money aside.Pay attention to family finances. If you’re in a relationship, don’t let your partner handle all the finances. Insist on transparency and money of your own. Understand how money is used to sustain the household and make sure you have assets in your name.The bottom lineDespite decades of research seeking to address the issue, women remain in poverty at higher rates, largely due to policy choices and biological issues of longevity. In this environment, women need to consider how to best shore up their finances and prepare to care for themselves. As Clare Boothe Luce said, “A woman’s best protection is a little money of her own.”

　　If you’re among the women wondering what the future holds moneywise, take steps to plan for a more financially secure retirement.

　　This article is intended for educational purposes only. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., does not provide legal, tax, or investment advice.