Venice and its lagoon were designated a UNESCO World Heritage site in 1987 in recognition of its extraordinary cultural heritage. Its architectural riches are almost incalculable; here are just six of the city’s most significant buildings.

　　Earlier versions of the descriptions of these buildings first appeared in 1001 Buildings You Must See Before You Die, edited by Mark Irving (2016). Writers’ names appear in parentheses.

　　The original 9th-century Romanesque church conceived as a shrine for the stolen remains of St. Mark the Evangelist from Alexandria was destroyed by fire in 967. Doge Domenico Contarini commissioned builders to begin work, with the help of Byzantine architects, on expanding and restoring the structure that was to become the Basilica di San Marco. The church was finally consecrated in 1094.

　　Inspired by the Church of the Holy Apostles in what was then Constantinople, the floorplan forms the shape of a Greek cross with three naves and intersecting transepts, and domes over the center and each arm. The five-domed composition is a rich blend of Byzantine and Gothic style. Across its western frontage extends a vestibule with five portals leading out to the Piazza San Marco; the glittering facade is encrusted with marble slabs and gilded mosaics.

　　Inside the cathedral, ceiling vaults and domes shimmer with mosaics as light filters in through the cupolas to illuminate the combined polychromy of precious stones and metals. As the seat of a trading empire, Venice could have its pick of artifacts from the East. Its columns, statues, jeweled icons, friezes, carvings, and mosaics were treasures removed from ancient buildings and brought back on ships before, during, and after the Crusades. The central altarpiece, the Pala d’Oro (Golden Pall), is framed by an imposing baldacchino, or altar canopy.

　　The collection of loot inside the Treasury—most of it acquired on countless raids abroad—serves as an enduring reminder of Venice’s maritime prestige and supremacy over the eastern Mediterranean. (Anna Amari-Parker)

　　Best seen from a gondola on the Grand Canal, this aristocratic waterside mansion gets its name from the exquisite gilt and polychrome embellishments that once graced its facade but have long since faded. Built for the public prosecutor Marino Contarini, the palazzo bears the unmistakable signature of Giovanni and Bartolomeo Bon (Buon), the pair of sculptor-architects also responsible for the Doge’s Palace and the Porta della Carta.

　　The Ca’ d’Oro, completed in 1436, is a uniquely Venetian design, blending Gothic elements with Byzantine and Arabic influences derived from the city’s trade links with Constantinople, Moorish Spain, and the Islamic East. Its famous facade—a harmonious contrast between the empty spaces of the portico and loggias on the left-hand side and the solid planar wall studded with nine inset windows on the right-hand side—gives the visual impression of two houses in one. The recessed ground-floor colonnaded loggia leading directly from the pier into the entrance hall of the palazzo, the enclosed Moorish-style balconies supporting rows of quatrefoil stonework tracery on interlinking arcades and open arches, and the lacy parapet with exotic crestings all lend the palace an air of wistful romance. With the collapse of the Venetian Republic in 1797, ownership of the mansion changed hands several times. In 1895 Baron Franchetti began an extensive restoration program that included building a museum in his name—the Galleria Giorgio Franchetti—and restoring the Gothic stairway that had originally stood in the tiled inner courtyard. (Anna Amari-Parker)

　　Santa Maria dei MiracoliSo many rumors began to circulate about a miracle-working image of the Madonna and Child in 15th-century Venice that the icon soon became the object of pilgrimages. Veneration ran so deep that the Venetians raised funds to build a shrine—and subsequently a church and convent—in her name.

　　Located at a canal crossing in a corner of the residential section northeast of the Rialto Bridge in Venice, the church has two entrances: one on the canal side with white stone steps, and the other on the street side. Crowned by a distinctive semicircular pediment, the polychromatic facade shimmers with colored sheets of marble and the red and green porphyry encrustations of its flat surfaces. A series of blind arches and a false colonnade create a sense of perspective around the external walls of the building to give the illusion of greater size.

　　The interior is composed of a raised balcony above the portal, so the nuns could remain hidden from view, and a single nave dominated by a raised chancel with a stairway between two pulpits at the opposite end. An ornately pierced marble parapet borders the altar of the raised presbytery on which the Marian icon is enshrined, and floral and figurative carvings ornament the chancel.

　　Windows and dark borders frame light-colored marble in the upper wall registers, and the lower sections are sheathed in soft-hued panels encased by pink and dark-gray borders. The painted barrel-vaulted, wooden ceiling is made up of 50 panels depicting faces of saints, prophets, and Old Testament figures, all framed by gilded coffer moldings. (Anna Amari-Parker)

　　Library of San MarcoThe Library of San Marco was begun in 1537 to house the famous manuscript collection of Cardinal Bessarion of Trebizond. A public project funded by the Venetian state, it was erected on a central site in front of the ducal palace and facing the Grand Canal, after the demolition of various taverns and other buildings considered untidy. Jacopo Sansovino was a Florentine sculptor and architect who had worked extensively in Rome before settling after 1527 in Venice, where he was instrumental in introducing a new style of Classical architecture based on ancient Rome.

　　The library facade is ordered as a 21-bay arcade, which is lined with shops, while the central bay leads to a grand barrel-vaulted staircase that grants access to the library rooms on the piano nobile (upper floor). Passing through a generously proportioned vestibule, which was used as a school for young nobles, the main reading room is set along the front of the building, so as to benefit from the full illumination of the seven windows. The sumptuous decoration of the walls and ceiling with paintings and stucco was carried out by a team of the most renowned Venetian artists of the day. (The library was completed in 1591.) The ground floor is ordered with a Doric arcade and frieze, above which rise Ionic columns topped by a weighty entablature that compresses the building and reinforces its horizontality. Sansovino’s intuition was to “sculpt” the facade, thus enlivening the Colosseum-inspired design with reclining figures, lions’ heads, and obelisks, which create a sense of massiveness and grandeur. (Fabrizio Nevola)

　　Church of the RedeemerThe Church of the Redeemer (Il Redentore) was built after the Venetian senate vowed that a new church be built to abate the terrible plague that afflicted Venice from 1575 to 1577 and killed about 30 percent of the population. The site was selected and the foundation stone was laid in May 1577. The liberation of the city from the plague was celebrated on July 20 by a procession across a bridge of boats, which subsequently became an annual commemoration, the bridge aligned to the church’s west facade.

　　Building progressed quickly and was completed in 1592, eight times over budget. Andrea Palladio’s design provided for all the functions of the Franciscan church—ceremonial, votive, and monastic. Although influenced by contemporary Franciscan church projects, Palladio’s solution owed most to his studies of Roman baths. The friars required a large nave for sermons and side chapels for private prayer. The crossing combines the ceremonial and votive functions, for this is where the doge and senate would worship on their annual visit. The tri-conch shape gives the impression of a church wider than it actually is. There is a satisfying and stately rhythm set up between nave, crossing, and choir, solids contrasted against voids, and views created through the screen of columns behind the altar. Although the interior is not elaborate, Palladio deliberately provided a lighter element by copying the intricate profile of the column bases of the Temple of Diana at Nîmes. (Charles Hind)

　　Santa Maria della SaluteBy 1630, one-third of Venice’s population had been decimated by yet another outbreak of the plague. Venice’s senate thus decreed that if the city was delivered from its latest epidemic, a new church would be built and dedicated to the Virgin. The pledge was honored one year later with a competition to find the most inspiring design for such a building. The drawings of an unknown were selected from 11 other plans, and the church of Santa Maria della Salute was eventually completed in 1682, the same year of the death of that unknown, Baldassare Longhena.

　　The massive two-domed basilica stands at the intersection between the Grand Canal and the inner basin of St. Mark. Approached by gondola, its balloonlike domes appear as if pinned down by the great Baroque scrolls on the facade and huge doorway. Giving the structure even greater grandeur are the white stone steps raised over wooden pilings that lead up to the entrance modeled on the Roman triumphal arch. A platform made of more than 100,000 wooden piles supports the octagonal brick and stone base. Divided by arches with a corresponding number of columns, the majestic octagonal interior also recalls Byzantine elements with its demarcation of architectural elements using color. There are references to the Virgin everywhere: the great dome represents her crown, the cavernous interior her womb, and the octagonal plan her eight-pointed star. The circle of saints crowning the balustrade in the central nave is a novel detail.

　　The Santa Maria della Salute remains inextricably woven into the character of the Venetians and their city. On November 21, during the Festa della Madonna della Salute (Feast of the Presentation of the Virgin), the city’s officials cross the Grand Canal on a specially built pontoon bridge from St. Mark’s to Santa Maria della Salute for a thanksgiving and remembrance service. (Anna Amari-Parker)