Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act (NAGPRA), U.S. law that regulates the handling of Indigenous human remains and cultural items. Passed in 1990, the Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act (NAGPRA) requires federal agencies and institutions that receive money from the federal government to return remains and cultural objects of Indigenous peoples in what is now the United States to the appropriate lineal descendants, tribes, or Native Hawaiian organizations. NAGPRA also establishes protocols for handling such materials when they are found in archaeological excavations and other circumstances, as well as civil and criminal penalties for those who violate the law.

　　History European interest in Indigenous grave sites in the Americas began in the late 1400s, soon after Europeans first arrived there. Collectors of materials from such sites included amateur archaeologists, early anthropologists, medical personnel, and curiosity seekers. The taking of Native remains and cultural materials increased in the 19th and early 20th centuries as the United States expanded and annexed territory of Native groups located ever farther west and as the budding field of anthropology sought to study and categorize the Native groups its researchers came across.

　　In 1906 the U.S. Congress passed the Antiquities Act, which required federal agencies to protect archaeological and historical sites on their land. It established a permitting process for those wanting to undertake investigation of sites of historical or scientific interest and ensured that objects found in these investigations went to universities and museums rather than private collections. Legislation dealing specifically with Native materials was not passed until the 1970s, when the state of Iowa passed the first legislation protecting Native graves and encouraging the repatriation of any found remains. The issue of repatriation was taken up by a wider Indigenous movement, which had begun to take shape in the 1960s and ’70s. Repatriation activists argued three main points: first, that it is immoral and disrespectful to dig up human remains and to disturb burial sites; second, that removing the dead from their resting places violates Native peoples’ religious beliefs and therefore their First Amendment rights; and, third, that Native remains and objects are the cultural property of the descendants, not objects for scientific study. During the 1980s the movement for repatriation gained speed as Native groups in the United States organized protests. The high-profile Slack Farm Incident—an episode of industrial-scale looting of Native graves in 1987—also turned public attention toward the historical and modern looting of Native graves. By 1990, when NAGPRA was passed, the remains of about 300,000 Indigenous people were being stored in museums, universities, and other places across the United States.

　　The act

　　repatriation ceremonyHarold Jacobs (left), of the Central Council of the Tlingit and Haida Indian Tribes of Alaska, and Joe Watkins, of the U.S. National Park Service, with a Tlingit clan hat at a repatriation ceremony in 2018. The repatriation occurred under the Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act.(more)NAGPRA requires all federal agencies as well as institutions that receive federal funding, such as museums and universities, to endeavor to repatriate any Native human remains, associated or unassociated funerary objects, and other objects of cultural patrimony. Organizations that must comply with NAGPRA are required to create an inventory of all Native human remains and associated funerary objects in their possession, along with a summary of other cultural items they possess. The institutions must then consult with Native tribes, Alaska Native groups, or Native Hawaiian organizations as well as lineal descendant groups and individuals to identify remains and objects that may be repatriated. A written request for repatriation may be submitted by any lineal descendant, tribe or Native Hawaiian organization. Once such a request is received, the institution holding the materials has 90 days to evaluate, and respond in writing to, the request, stating that the request either does or does not meet the criteria for repatriation or that there are competing requests. If there are competing requests that meet the criteria for repatriation, the institution must then determine which requester is the most appropriate to receive the materials. Museums and universities that do not comply with NAGPRA may be subject to civil penalties, and noncompliant federal agencies may be subject to other penalties under federal law.

　　NAGPRA also creates a process for handling new discoveries of Indigenous human remains or objects on Native land or on land owned by the U.S. government. It requires anyone who finds such materials to notify the officials responsible for the land. The officials must in turn follow procedures for protecting the remains or objects, notifying Native individuals or communities who may have a claim, and removing and transferring the materials. Finally, NAGPRA establishes criminal penalties for those who knowingly sell, traffic, or otherwise use for profit any Native human remains or cultural item obtained in violation of the act.